Literary Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literary Analysis - Essay Example The works under discussion contain autobiographic motive, because the writers have experienced disadvantages of being bilingual. The novel â€Å"Native Speaker† describes life of a mixed marriage in New York through the prism of power of language. Henry Park is a non-native speaker, who has made a successful career in Glimmer and Associates, but is not separated from his national roots. He works among multicultural staff, that’s why he should be tactful and flexible enough. His wife Leila teaches English at school and comes across linguistic barrier and conflicts in multi-cultural society. In the essay â€Å"Mother Tongue† the author demonstrates variety of language in everyday life. Tan’s mother belongs to a well-known and respected family in Shanghai and has been living there for several decades. For people of her age it is not so easy to adapt to new social and cultural conditions in the USA. â€Å"The lack of shared languages and cultural logics remai ns a central theme throughout all the narratives in Tan’s book. This absence transcends the simple linguistic dichotomies or cultural misunderstandings.† (Bloom et al, 2001) In this case, poor knowledge of language is the main obstacle for Asian Americans. It affects perception and attitude towards representatives of ethnic minorities in different spheres of life. The episode at the hospital shows that medical staff breaks official rules and treats Mrs. Tan improperly only because they lack of time to find a lost medical record. She is a middle-aged Asian American, who speaks emotionally and makes many mistakes; thus, many English native-speakers would consider Mrs. Tan as a limited, slow-witted person. This is a long-term effect of a wrong historical theory that white race prevails over other ethnic groups. Although US society is multinational, Eurocentric model of thinking is a

Personal Financial Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal Financial Planning - Assignment Example Ruth receives index-linked occupational pension of 16,000 per year. She has 50,000 in ISAs which earns 7,000 yearly. They own a house with a net value of 350,000. They also want to leave something to Edward and William, hence, they will need to invest in a National Savings Certificate which can be encashed by the mother if both boys are still below seven years old. Since they will need a pre-income tax level of 3,000 pounds monthly, the couple needs to invest their money in a better set of investment instruments that will let them achieve this income level. At the moment, they only earn a total of 2,450 monthly from the current wealth portfolio they hold. Except for the National Savings Certificate income, the other investment returns are subject to a 20% tax rate. Ned Larken's 300,000 in a FTSE Short Index 100 share Exchange Transfer Fund (ETF) and 200,000 in a S&P 500 Exchange Transfer Fund (ETF) nets a yearly return of 11%. An ETF is a basket of securities that trades throughout the day on a particular exchange in the same way that a company share does. The ETFs are priced continually, and the price fluctuates throughout the day. The ETF pays a dividend if the dividends of the portfolio shares exceed the fund's expense. The advantages of an ETF investment consist of passive management, low expenses, trading flexibility and transparency. The aim of the ETFs is to replicate the return of their benchmark indexes. The ETFs usually hold the same securities as their indexes in an effort to match their returns. The ETFs charges a low annual expense for management and other fund expenses. It also possesses a certain trading flexibility. The ETF is transparent as the securities held in an ETF are always well-known. As shares trade throughout the day, the fund's holdings must be disclosed in order for the shares to be correctly priced. Institutional investors can take advantage of the arbitrage opportunity as well, which exists when there is the potential to profit from the differences between the ETF price and the price of the given basket of securities. This tends to help keep the fund's price close to its Net Asset Value.The first disadvantage of the FTSE 100 and S&P 500 is that it is less diversified, ow ning a large number of shares in one or two industries. Thus, the ETFs are likely to be more heavily affected by movements in the prices of these securities than funds that are diversified across a greater number of shares. Their performance will depend more on how this kind of security performs. They are less diversified than the broad stock market ETFs. For example, the five biggest companies in the FTSE 100 constitute approximately one-third of the market value of the overall index, and two of them are global oil companies. This lack of broad diversification makes the performance of the FTSE 100 and related ETFs very sensitive to the changes in the oil industry. The second disadvantage of the FTSE 100 and the S & P 500 is that the performance of sector ETFs is dependent on the timing of their purchase and sale. For instance, the price of these funds can rise rapidly when demand increases for the product or service provided by the companies. Similarly, the price can also drop sharply when there is an

Dental Caries and Streptococcus Mutans

Dental Caries and Streptococcus Mutans Casey Best Running Head: DENTAL CARIES 1 Streptococcus mutans Introductory/Background 2 Streptococcus mutans is a facultative anaerobic, gram-positive, non-motile bacteria belonging to the streptococcaceae family. S. mutans contains a thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan which contains sugars and amino acids. There are many different conditions in the mouth, but carbohydrates are motivators for this bacterium that produces lactic acids, thereby lowering the pH in the mouth and creating an acidic environment. Due to the ability of S. mutans to survive in a low pH environment and up to 104 degrees Fahrenheit, eroding of tooth structure, known as tooth decay, can begin. Fuel for metabolism lacks because of the absence of oxygen; therefore, it is mostly found in the deep crevices of teeth or in the pit and fissures, also known as the biting surfaces. S. mutans was first described by James Kilian Clarke (1886-1950) after he isolated it from a carious lesion, but it was not until the 1960s that real interest in the microbe was generated when researchers began studying dental caries (Akhaven, 2014). S. mutans was re-identified in infection of animal rodents. All of Kochs postulates were tested in animal models, but it was difficult to establish that it was also a human dental pathogen until samples were taken from a decomposed tooth site showing a phenomenal connection between S. mutans and decay. Historically, cavities were characteristic to the general overgrowth of oral bacteria, termed the non-specific plaque hypothesis, meaning only certain bacteria are responsible for causing tooth decay. In 1960, however, Paul H. Keyes from the National Institute of Dental Research compared the bacteria makeup of caries active and caries in-active in hamsters and found a much higher percentage of a group of bacteria termed Streptococcus mutan s. This pathogen occurred during a time period in which people depended on foods that were enriched in carbohydrates, and this most likely contributed to the first appearance of dental caries. Tooth decay did not become an important health problem until sucrose became a major ingredient in the foods we eat today. In fact, studies show that as much as one-half of a pound of sucrose consumed daily at meals for two years was not associated with an increase in dental decay; however, when the same or lesser amounts of sucrose were ingested between meals, subjects developed new decay at the rate of about three to four tooth surfaces per year (Loesche, 1996). Although the need for certain bacteria to turn milk into yogurt and cheese was not known by early farmers, today we know that some species of bacteria keep our mouths healthy; however, S. mutans is not one of them. It is, in fact, one of the worst offenders against healthy teeth. The bacteria in the pots of yogurt werent the only thing de veloping so were the microbes in our mouth. Twisted berry is the term that may be used when referring to Streptococcus, because of the resemblance to a string of beads when looking through a microscope. Streptococcus mutans is a specialized microorganism equipped with receptors that allow it to adhere to the surface of the tooth creating a slimy environment. After adherence to the tooth, S. mutans begin to divide and produce micro-colonies within the slime layer to construct a biofilm (Microbe Wiki, 2016). When a biofilm is formed, S. mutans begin to make dextran, which is made up of many glucose molecules that allow it to bind to the enamel and enable S. mutans to attach sucrose and glucan-sucrose together. As a result, these products produce fructose, which allows energy for bacteria. Biofilms produce extracellular polymeric substances, which are mostly made up of polysaccharides and proteins that colonize a surface. Clinical Significance Bacteria are a large part of the human mouths ecosystem. The 6 billion bacteria that one mouth can hold are constantly in the process of multiplying, finding places to live, or dying. S. mutans is a heterotrophic organism, which means that it lives by getting its energy through consuming organic matter from other organisms, living or deceased, and making the human mouth the host. There are safe places in your mouth and unsafe places, and the unsafe places consist of pathogenic bacteria that can cause tooth decay, gum inflammation, and tooth loss. The mouth contains good bacteria and bad bacteria, which is known as Streptococcus mutans, and as much as 90% of the world is affected by this infamous microbe.Since its discovery by Clarke, S. mutans has become one of the most well-known organisms. As the world continues to consume more refined sugars, we fuel the production of acids for colony growth, which leads to the formation of dental plaque. If plaque develops on teeth, it can turn i nto tarter, and tarter is much more difficult to remove from the teeth than plaque. Plaque is a soft, sticky substance that contains bacteria, but it can easily be brushed off before it turns into tarter, which is a hard non-sticky substance. Tartar has to be removed by a dental hygienist or dentist, and because it is rough, it makes it easier for bacteria to attach to the teeth. The enamel is the hard outer layer of the tooth, and this hard layer protects the tooth against decay. Dental cavities are holes in the first two layers of the tooth, which are the enamel and the dentin, and once this disease has developed, it requires treatment almost immediately. A cavity will only grow larger and eat away at the tooth if left untreated, which can cause excruciating pain and may also cause bad breath. Dental caries has become one of the most widespread diseases in humans today and has negatively affected a multitude of people worldwide. Billions of dollars are spent each year on treating dental caries. The longer one waits to get a cavity filled, the more expensive and painful it will become. Not only will the teeth become extremely painful, the jaw will most likely be affected as well. Plaque buildup can also lead to gum disease called gingivitis, which causes tender and swollen gums that sometimes bleed. Gingivitis is a milder form of gum disease that can be treated with proper brushing and flossing; however, if it progresses untreated, severe periodontal disease can develop. Gum tissue will begin to pull away from the teeth and bacteria will start to destroy the underlying bone supporting the teeth, and this will most likely result in the loss of one or several teeth. S. mutans can also cause dangerous, life threatening infections. Tooth decay can spread in the mouth and completely destroy the teeth if not properly treated, and in the most extreme cases, can even lead to death. Cardiovascular problems, which are major contributors to early death in American men and women, can also develop as a result of this type of serious infection. Once this bacterium migrates into the bloodstream and arteries, it causes blood clots and restricts oxygen and blood flow. Although it has not yet been proven that gum disease causes cardiovascular issues, evidence exists that points to gum disease as a possible culprit. Healthy gums should be firm and a light pink color, but if gums are red or swollen, or if they bleed after flossing, it is time for a checkup with the dentist. This pathogen can travel from one person to the next via horizontal and vertical transmission. Some people are genetically more prone to periodontal and gum disease than others. So if it runs in your family, you should be especially vigilant (Griffin, 2005). A person that has dental caries may not even be aware that he or she has the disease because it cannot necessarily be seen with the naked eye and may not always be painful. The earliest sign of a cavity forming is a chalky white spot on the surface of the tooth that does not cause pain. If demineralization continues, the white spot may turn brown, which most likely represents a cavity. Once the nerves of the tooth are exposed, the tooth will become very sensitive to heat, cold, and sugary foods, and unbearable pain will ensue. Once the cavity has formed, the tooth structure cant regrow. Additionally, because of the pain, the ability to eat, sleep and function well is limited, and quality of life suffers. Preventative/Treatment Prosthetic devices are also a favorable environment for Streptococci, but the American Heart Association has reduced its recommendations on pre-medicating before a dental procedure, including those who only have pacemakers, prosthetic heart valves, a history of endocarditis, heart transplants or certain heart defects to pre-medicate, since they are at greater risk for infection (American Heart Association, 2016). When a tooth is weakened by internal decay, the tooth could fracture while chewing foods. If that happens, most of the time the tooth can be saved, but in some cases, an extraction of the tooth will be done if it is not salvageable. Although S. mutans does not have a vaccine, there are other preventable measures you can take to stop this bacterium before it causes damage. S. mutans is a natural bacterium in our body, so everyone has it, although not everyone is at the same risk. Learning how to control it will help prevent these bacteria from taking over. Brushing the teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste will help reduce the decay rate, especially after eating foods and drinks that are high in sugars. Additionally, fluoride is a mineral that helps prevent cavities from forming. It replaces mineral loss in the enamel and reduces the ability of the bacteria to make an acid. Many dentists also recommend using a mouth rinse with fluoride for those at higher risks of developing this disease. When brushing the teeth, only the front and back surfaces of the teeth can be reached, so flossing is extremely important and highly recommended to reduce accumulations of bacteria that thrive in the crevices between the teeth that a toothbrush cannot reach. Flossing will also help reduce the possibility of developing gum disease in the first place. More than 50 years ago, examinations of people entering the military showed that Americans teeth were in pretty bad shape. At that time, few people took good care of their teeth, and there were no guidelines for how often one should see a dentist. Many dentists focused on fixing problems rather than preventing them (Colgate-Palmolive Company, 2014). Even if one is taking good care of ones teeth at home, it is still recommended to regularly see a dentist twice a year. Some people may even need to be seen more often depending on their oral hygiene, habits and medical conditions. The dentist is able to check for problems that may not be painful or in sight; moreover, x-rays are used to help the dentist diagnose problems before they become a major concern as they allow the dentist to see inside the tooth and surrounding tissue. Dental sealants are an invisible plastic coating that bonds to the tops of the teeth, filling in the pits and fissures and making them a powerful weapon against decay. They are typically applied to childrens teeth because this gives them more protection throughout their cavity-prone years; however, adults who do not have decay present would also benefit from sealants on their back molars, which are difficult to reach in the mouth with a toothbrush. To fix a cavity caused by S. mutans, the most common procedure a dentist will use is to remove the decay and fill that area with  composite or amalgam filling. The difference between the two fillings is that amalgam is cheaper and also more durable; however, it is made with zinc, copper, mercury and tin, and it can easily cause discoloration of the tooth as well as cracks and fractures. Composite is a made with plastic and fine glass particles, and it comes in different shades to easily match ones tooth. Additionally, since it is chemica lly bonded to the tooth, it provides better support; however, it cannot withstand the chewing forces as long as amalgam can. In extreme cases, a root canal and crown may be placed after the decay is removed by simply removing the roots of the tooth and placing a cap over the coronal portion of the tooth, but if the decay exceeds a certain level, the dentist may have to remove the entire tooth. Fighting Streptococcus mutans is a constant battle, and the most important weapon we have in the fight against its progress is knowledge. By practicing healthy habits and eating a balanced diet, along with taking proper care of our teeth and visiting the dentist regularly, we can all win the battle against gum disease and keep our teeth for a lifetime. References   Ã‚   Akhaven, K. (2014, October 19). Streptococcus mutans. Retrieved from MicrobeWiki: https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Streptococcus_mutans. American Heart Association. (2016, October 10). Infective Endocarditis. Retrieved from American Heart Association: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/CongenitalHeartDefects/TheImpactofCongenitalHeartDefects/Infective-Endocarditis_UCM_307108_Article.jsp#.WNPItU11qUk Colgate-Palmolive Company. (2014, May 7). How Often Should You Go to the Dentist? Retrieved from Colgate Oral Care Center: http://www.colgate.com/en/us/oc/oral-health/basics/dental-visits/article/how-often-should-you-go-to-the-dentist Griffin, M. R. (2005, April 6). Your Guide to Gum Disease Symptoms and Heart Disease. Retrieved from WedMD: http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/features/your-guide-gum-disease#2 Loesche, W. J. (1996). Microbioligy of Dental Decay and Periodontal Disease. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8259/ Microbe Wiki. (2016, February 11). Streptococcus mutans- Tooth Decay. Retrieved from MicrobeWiki Website: https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Streptococcus_mutans-_Tooth_Decay Streptococcus mutans. (2014, October 19). Retrieved from MicrobeWiki: https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Streptoccus_mutans

Ben Sira Essay -- Bible, Attributes Ascribed to God

WISDOM OF BEN-SIRA How does the author of the book justify the goodness of God in the face of the evil present in the world? ANSWER: Ben-Sira’s theology, though not systematic, offers a coherent presentation of the sets of belief necessary in understanding and living the Jewish faith (The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 940). In this regard, one important question that has been addressed by the author is the presence of God vis-Ã  -vis the presence of evil in the world. In addressing the question the author has laid down his Doctrine of God and from there explain how evil is present and persist in the face of the goodness of God. Ben-Sira’s doctrine of God affirms the Judaic concept that there is only one God. This becomes significant not only because it re-echoes the Jewish faith but because it counters the notion of the belief on pluralist God, which was the dominant notion or belief during the ancient period. This concept is significant in understanding of the notion of god vis-Ã  -vis evil because as it removes the plurality of gods, it opened the tension between the goodness of God and the presence of evil. This tension necessitates justification as the presence of evil in the world does not only posits a contradiction to the goodness of God but it also acts as a counter-claim for the one God being all-powerful. Ben-Sira claims that there are certain attributes ascribed to God alone. These are God is one and the same (42:21). God is eternal (42:21). God is the all and in all (43:27). This means that God is both transcendent and immanent in all creation (The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 940). God is the creator (G:1). God is powerful and His power is manifested in the creation when He created everything out from His words (39:17-1... ...ce ill-gotten goods! Presents from the lawless do not win God’s favor The Most High approves not the gifts of the godless, nor for their many sacrifices does he forgive their sins On the other hand, To keep the law is great oblation And whoever observes the commandments sacrifices a peace offering In works of charity one offers a fine flour And when he gives alms he presents the sacrifice of praise To refrain from evil pleases God And to avoid injustice is an atonement (35: 1-5) For the author the goodness of God remains despite the reality and face of evil in the world because evil is the result of man’s weakness, of man using his free will to veer away from the laws and opt to live in sin. God in all his power shows the utmost respect on man’s freedom by not imposing his will on men but by respecting his choice – to be good or to be evil.

Favorite Food Essay

My favorite food would have to be a well-made juicy, all the way cooked cheeseburger. I have been eating cheeseburgers throughout my entire life. There has not been a time that I can remember where I have ever turned a cheeseburger. In the following paragraphs I will share with you my earliest recollections of eating a cheeseburger, some of my favorite cheeseburgers, and the origins of the cheeseburger itself. When I was younger I would always love when my grandparents would take me to McDonalds. I would always get their hamburger happy meal, as most of you know the happy meal consisted of a small juicy hamburger with mustard, ketchup, small diced onions, and juicy pickles accompanied by salty fries, a small toy, and the drink of your choice served in a small red cardboard box. As I grew older I started to want bigger portions of my favorite food. Every time my family and I visited my grandfather, he would make the biggest juiciest hamburgers I have ever seen. He would take a big handful of ground beef and throw it on the grill, where he would grill it to perfection. He served his cheeseburgers with two big red juicy tomatoes, diced onions, a couple of juicy pickles, ketchup, mustard, barbecue sauce, a slice of American cheese, with the outer layer consisting of freshly toasted buns. To this day I have not eaten a better tasting cheeseburger. There are numerous fast food restaurants all around the world that sell millions of delicious and juicy hamburgers every day. My personal favorite is the extremely popular Big Mac served at McDonalds. As I stated before , I grew up eating McDonald’s hamburger happy meal, as I grew older I upgraded to the Big Mac. This delicious burger consists of three fresh toasted sesame seed buns, a handful of lettuce, small diced onions, two juicy ground beef patties, and it is the only hamburger that McDonalds sells that comes with Mac sauce on it. While being employed at McDonalds I soon realized that I was not the only one who loved this gigantic sandwich. I made many of these burgers everyday while working there. It is one of the few hamburgers that will leave customers fully satisfied after eating it. A very close second choice is the double quarter pounder that is also sold at McDonalds, which is also a fan favorite. This delicious burger is served with two sesame seed toasted buns, onions, pickles, mustard, ketchup, two ground beef patties, and two slices of American cheese. Both of these burgers are tasty, juicy, and delicious. There is much speculation on who created the first hamburger, many individuals and their respective families claim to have created the first hamburger. The hamburger first becomes popular in 1904, at the World’s Fair in St. Louis, Missouri. The hamburger business began in 1902, on the east side of Clarinda’s Courthouse Square by an old German gentleman named Ail Wahl. He almost ran all the cafes out of business because his burgers were so good. Back then, hamburgers were sold for a nickel whereas today you have to pay over a dollar. Over a century later the hamburger is being sold at almost every restaurant all across the world. The hamburger has come a long way since its humble beginnings. This concludes my report on hamburgers, which has been and always will be my favorite food. Hamburgers might not be an exotic interesting food, but they are still a widely popular and an extremely delicious dish. They are easy to prepare and cheaper than many other foods out there. In a world of constant change hamburgers are just as good, if not better since 1902

Gentleman’s Three Case Analysis

Report on – The Overhead Reduction Task Force Submitted by K. Ratna prashanth 2012H149213P Introduction: Counterdrop Appliances division is formed six month earlier by Central foods after acquiring a successful company named Kitchen Help’s; in the kitchen appliances range, it had established a good market in this category. Kitchen Help had good quality but financial constraints in order to expand whereas Food Corporation wanted to diversify. After acquisition the company poured in a lot of resources in Kitchen Help including the plant facilities and the employees.As a result the sales of the company grew to a large extent initially. After that there was a sudden fall in the revenue and profits. This lead to the replacement of General Manager(John Pero to Georgia Dixton). She has decided to tackle this issue by the reduction in overhead expenses by 20 % in order to revive future profits. To attain this she has delegated this responsibility to Controller Larry Williams. L arry William has studied the financial implications and the people in the organisation and come to a decision of reduction in the 20% departmental payrolls. Problem Definition:The Kitchen Help is undergoing a severe decline in profits and revenue. Human resources have been recruited (Good numbers) by the earlier General manager Pero to solve this. Although the company has taken action that these resources do not hinder the progress, it has nearly constant sales revenue and same sales level it maintained for past three years. There is no growth in the revenue. There is a problem of decline in profits in the most promising product lines of the Kitchen Help. The Coffee maker which gave a 30% of total revenue and 35% profits has a decline in demand due to competitor’s better product.Their price is less than $35 and it makes a coffee of same taste. Also there is steep decline in the demand of the microwave product range which used to give a profit of 18%. With decline in the Profi ts and the sales volume remaining the same the resources like recruited Human resource and the expanded pant capacity has not paid off its returns. The sales manager also finds it complicated to coordinate with the national, local and wholesale aspects of the sales force. There is a need for coordination among the mangers of various units so that there does not remain a gap in resource requirement and its consumption.Analysis: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Company poured in huge resources in the beginning of Kitchen help It purchased land and expanded plant facilities in order to meet the sales volume requirement. The number of employees in the division rose from 100 to 500. But the revenue volume remained the same and the profit level did not rise. On the contrary the company pays the sales force a 66% payroll of the Budget which is considerably high. ‘John pero freely added to their staff to meet delude in the orders of sale. This all is fine when there is a good volume and profits ar e being incurred. – This implies that there is currently no further need to recruit more people in sales force. Mort Burns, sales manager feels that sales force has a little impact on more independent appliance and hardware store owners who account for 15% of final demand. These are the entities not making profit. 20% of allocated budget to marketing is $1656000 whereas the number of employees is only 18. Investment in Prime time Advertisements and national campaigns has resulted in the huge budgeting. Payroll as percentage of budget is 10% which is $165600. There can be a 20% reduction in payrolls.Senior Staff where replaced by the new staff at Kitchen help, this has led to increase in sales volume temporarily but could not sustain the market condition and keep up the quality expectation. Introduction in the coffee maker section an innovative product was a competition to Kitchen Help’s existing product. It could make 10 cups coffee without change in taste. This was la cked by Product development team of Kitchen Help; who were working on it. 30% of division’s revenue and 35 % profit alone depended on this product earlier. The company should prioritise improvisation in this section.Williams’s analysis on financial trends says that discounts to large retailers rose from the year of acquisition. There is scope of making a 3% profit from the discounts given to retailers. Moreover the marketing and sales team has to make extra efforts to realise the revenue from the retail chains. Overhead expenses on sales force in this channel can be reduced which will facilitate reduction in marketing costs and increased administration overhead as well. Recommendation: ? Bob Ericson‘s team should come up with an improvised design to earliest which they were planning for the past 6 months.The Product and production team should decide and come up with a product better than competitors quality or ? ? should manufacture the same with a much better re duced price and design; i. e. less than $35. The company should concentrate on its wholesale and the national chains which are better sources of profit rather than the independent appliances and the hardware store owners. The cost to company should be cut down on non profit making entities and sales channel like independent products and hardware stores. The Overhead Cut off on these heads would result in profit and concentration on profit making channels.

Rapid Economic Growth in South Korea and Taiwan †Economics Essay

Rapid Economic Growth in South Korea and Taiwan – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers Rapid Economic Growth in South Korea and Taiwan Economics Essay In 1960, South Korea and Taiwan were as poor as many present African countries. However, from 1960 to 1989, South Korea and Taiwan increased their per-capital GDP by 6.82% and 6.17%, which compare to other less developed countries is significantly high. The outstanding transformation of South Korea and Taiwan in these 30 years is often seen as an example of what export-led growth. But Rodrik (1995) argues that the rapid economic growth and ‘take off’ in South Korea and Taiwan was a result of an investment boom rather than an export oriented strategy. This essay will discuss this theory. Rodrik shows 6 reasons to reject the export-led growth hypothesis. His first point is â€Å"Relative Profitability of Export†. In this point, he raises a counter argument. He says that Ian Little (1994) states that the success of Korea and Taiwan was related to exports. Little uses three points to support his statement. First of all, he finds that Korea and Taiwan succeeded on the growth of labour-intensive manufactures. Then, he claims that the manufactures were based on the exports. Also, he discovers that the bias against manufacturing for export was removed. However, Rodrik indicates that the economics of Korea was related to the politics in the 1950s. The government of Korea, which was quite different from now, paid no attention to economic growth and exports at that time. According to Rodrik’s opinion, the incentive effects of export seem to be unsuccessful. In Taiwan, there seems to be no incentive effects of export. Rodrik analyses the differences between â€Å"export orientation† and â€Å"investment boom†. He mentions that export orientation may not obviously lead to an investment boom. Rodrik raises two examples, Turkey and Chile, to prove that even more massive increases in the profitability of exports did not lead to investment boom. He concludes that the success in export may not lead to a success in investment. Rodrik discusses â€Å"the contribution of exports† in the third point of his argument. He mentions that since the export base was so small early on (especially in Korea), until the mid-1970s at least, the contribution of export to the growth of GDP could not have been very high. There were only over 10% in Taiwan, and in Korea, exports were less than 5% of GDP around 1960. So, exports were barely a small part of the initial growth spurt in both countries. Rodrik talks about â€Å"Productivity Spillovers from Exports†. In this part, he shows a counter argument that it is given top billing in its exposition of the dynamic benefits outward orientation by the World Bank. He analyses that the common presumption is that the contribution of exports to growth was from technological spillovers and cumulative productivity benefits deriving from export performance, but not from the demand side or through investment. There is no evidence to prove that technological externalities associated with outward orientation or exports. In fact, it is easy to find both developing countries and developed whose efficiency performance over 20 years or more has coordinated that of the NIEs. In Rodrik’s article, he discusses â€Å"the rising share of exports in GDP is consistent with investment led growth†. He mentions that it is quite clear that the investment boom, which requires increase in imports, is caused by a comparative shortage in producing capital products. Exports increase as share of GDP will pay for imports if international borrowing is restrained. The reason why it became profitable to invest should cause the reason of the fast growth. Rodrik discusses the role of savings in the last point of his argument. He finds that alongside investment was risen by saving in both South Korea and Taiwan. A large number of accounts report that the economic growth has caused the increase in saving in both countries. Interest rates were increased to deposit, and government policy is helpful to raise savings in both countries. The rapid growth in export and GDP ratios is the proof for the export led growth hypothesis. On the other hand, investment and GDP also speedily grew. In the 1980s, investment increased from 10% of GDP in the 1950s to 30% in South Korea and Taiwan. The growth of Taiwan and South Korea was explained by the massive increase in investment demand in the early 1960s. The technical progress in South Korea and Taiwan has essentially become null. It reflects the fact that there is very irrelevant growth residual left over to explain, once the phenomenal rate of factor accumulation is taken into account. Therefore, the rapid growth caused by capital accumulation rather than the increasing in industrial factor productivity (Rodrik, 1995). Rodrik indicates that governments managed the growth in the private return to capital. He lists six parts of the causes, and they are â€Å"removing impediments to investment†, â€Å"establishing a sound investment climate†, â€Å"alleviating a coordination failure, which had blocked economic take-off†, â€Å"investment subsides†, â€Å"administrative guidance† and â€Å"use of public enterprise†. All these six elements help governments to manage the increase. It is not quite sure that export orientation was a significant causal role in South Korea and Taiwan’s economic growth. The increase of exports during the 1960s is too small to calculate for the phenomenal export boom. Furthermore, exports were initially too small to have a main effect on aggregate economic performance. A presumption claimed that the growth of South Korea and Taiwan is brought by the investment boom is more acceptable. Reference: Rodrik, D. 1995. â€Å"Getting Interventions Right: How South Korea and Taiwan Grew Rich†. Economic Policy, Pp 55- 107. Research Papers on Rapid Economic Growth in South Korea and Taiwan - Economics EssayDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaTwilight of the UAW

Origins1 essays

Origins1 essays Creationism vs. Evolution, the argument disputed by more scientists, more paleontologists and more everyday people than probably any other argument since the dawn of man. Who is right? Do the theories and evidence of evolutionists have the right answers or do the faith and facts of creationists hold the answers? What is creationism? Creationism is the idea that all forms of life, and particularly humans, were independently created by a willful act on the part of God or a deity. Whats wrong with creationism? That depends on what form of creationism you are referring to. There are several forms of creationism that all differ from one another. None are really scientific, though not all are unscientific to the same degree. Old earth creationism holds that the earth was created a very long time ago and populated with life more-or-less shown in fossil records. However, new species of organisms were created one-by-one over all that time, each the result of a separate creative act by the Deity. This theory is not scientific, because it cannot be falsified; any evidence can be made to fit into it. Sequential creationism says that the earth is old, and the major groups of fossils do reflect organisms living at different times in earths history. However, the major mass extinction represent t imes when all living things were destroyed, and then the earth was repopulated by a new creative act. The last extinction happened recently, after which the current animals and humans were created, but this isnt scientific either. Sequential creationism simply doesnt agree with the evidence. None of these mass extinctions wiped out all life. In many cases, we find the same species of organisms both before and after the extinctions. Day-age creationism says that the book of Genesis is accurate in describing the order of creation, but that each day in Gene...

Average SAT Scores What They Are and What They Mean

Average SAT Scores What They Are and What They Mean SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When they first start tutoring, almost all students ask the same question: what is the average SAT score? The answer varies a bit every year, but for students in the class of 2013, the average SAT score was a 1497. I’ve created a chart by section below. Critical Reading Math Writing 497 513 487 However, the nationwide average doesn’t actuallymatter! What’s actually important is how your score compares to those of the other students applying to the same colleges and scholarships as you. You’ll need a much higher score to apply to very selective schools like Stanford or Princeton,buta 1500 is a totally acceptable score if you want to apply to smaller campuses of big state school systems. Let’s look at what an average SAT score really means and how it affects you. The National Average Doesn’t Matter - Really! Almosttwo million students take the SAT every year, and they go onto all kinds of different schools,fromIvy League universitiesto local community colleges. The national average includes all of these students'scores. But you're not competing against every single high schooler in the same year as you; you’re only competing against the students who are interested in the same schools and programs as you are. Theimportant thing is to have a score the same as or higher than the average among that group, and whether that average is above or below the national onewill depend entirely on the type of schools you’re interested in. How You Stack Up AgainstYour Peers We've established that the national average doesn't really mean much, but maybe you still want to know how you compare to other students in a general sense. In that case, you might want to look athow your SAT scores compare to those of other students like you, i.e. those with similar grades and backgrounds. To get a sense of how you fit in the range, you can look up at the average SAT score for students at your high school or for those with similar GPAs. Keep in mind, though, that when it comes to college applications, these numbers arealmost as irrelevant as the national one. Adorable dogs duking it out over SAT scores. Average SAT Score for Your High School To find the average SAT score for your school, you can try checking with counseling office ofsearching for â€Å"[your school] SAT scores† on the web. The second approach is more likely to work if you live in an area with high SAT adoption. If you live in an ACT mandatory state, it’s probably easier to find your school's ACT scores and convert them to SAT scores. However, remember that most colleges don’t compare you against your classmates. Though this information can be interesting it shouldn’t be a source of stress. Average SAT Score for High Achievers The average SAT scores for honors students are generally muchhigher than those for all US high schoolers. If you’re a top â…“ honor student, the average SAT score is 1810. If you’re a top 1/10 honor student, the average is 2000. If you’re not scoring that highly, don’t panic. Your personal score goal will still depend on the schools you want to apply to, and plentyof great schools admit mostly students withscores below 2000. The Key Number: The Average SAT Score for Your First-Choice College Ultimately, your SAT score is a tool to help you get into college, so what you really need to know is the average ACT score for students admitted to the school you want to attend. Generally speaking, very selective schools generally have average SAT around 2200, moderately selective schools have an average SAT score around 1800, and less selective schools have an average SAT score around 1550. However, you should look up the specific SAT score range for each school you're planning to apply to. To find this information, check the college’s admissions page or search forâ€Å"[college name] SAT score.† The schools usually list a range from the 25th to 75th percentile - you’ll want to shoot for the higher end of the range. Use the worksheet on this page to calculate your exact target score based on all the schools you’re interested in. What's Next? If you haven't reached your score goal just yet, consider checking out some of our SAT prep resources. You can start with the 5 general strategies you must know and then break yourprep down by section with our ultimate guides to reading, writing, and math (coming soon). Or perhaps you'd fare better with the ACT? Usethese guides to decide whether you might prefer to focus on the ACT: the ACT vs. the current SAT and the ACT vs. the new SAT. But what ifyou're already scoring well on the SAT, but are struggling with a low GPA? This guide can help. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT - Assignment Example The activists are people who are open minded and are passionate towards their work as they gain their learning from the practical understanding. On the contrary, the attitude to take risk of the activists might not be suitable for the establishment in few scenarios (Huang and Busby 92-100). Theorists are the people who acquire their knowledge and learning with the assistance of the relevant theories. The people following the theorists’ perspective get their assistance from the varied theoretical underpinning when they are trained systematically. Thus, it can be stated that the training and development must be associated with the theoretical approach to get a better understanding. However, the key issue faced by the theorists is that they might be hesitant towards gaining the practical knowledge as learning (Huang and Busby 92-100). Pragmatists are the people who seek their learning from the theoretical as well as the practical activities in order to develop their skills. It is observed that these people are innovative and use their theoretical knowledge and understanding when conducting practical tasks. These people are more efficient and hence the companies provide learning opportunities to them at large. However, these people require continuous training and development for better understanding (Huang and Busby 92-100). Reflectors are the people who acquire their leanings by observing various activities of themselves along with others. Employees favouring this learning style will be more considerate and cautious while obtaining proper learning of skills and abilities. Correspondingly, businesses might face issues while offering training to these individuals as they are seemed to be a bit time-taking in their learning approach. However, their considerate nature will ensure that they improve themselves in a comprehensive manner overall. These groups of people are supposed to be less participative in comparison

The current state of coastal process research and the drivers for the Essay

The current state of coastal process research and the drivers for the future - Essay Example The coastal system is a large process that revolves anything in or around coastal areas. The coast is the part of the land adjoining or near the ocean. A coastline is properly, a line on a map indicating the disposition of a coast but the word is often used to refer to the coast itself. According to Carter " the definition of a coast is something being on, near or having to do with a coast". The beach is a large protion of this system. The beach can be defined as the zone above the water line at a shore of a body of water. A beach is discernible because of the accumulation of stone, sand and/or gravel that the tide or waves deposited. It is important to keep in mind that when referring to the coast it should be thought of as a very specific definitioncoast is a very specific efinition. When using the word coast it should only be used when it is applied to the part of an island or a continent that borders an ocean or its saltwater tributatires. (Carter 1988) There are different kinds of coasts that can be referred to. One of these is a pelagic coast. A pelagic coast is a coast which fronts the open ocean. A pelagic coast differs from a coat that I more sheltered such as in a gul or a bay. Do not confuse a coast with a shore. A shore refers to areas of the land which are connected to any large body of water. A shore includes oceans and is called a sea shore, and a shore can adjoin with a lake then it is called a lakeshore. When referring to a river it is is called a bank rather than a coast or a shore. . However, this discussion I concerned only with coastal systems. RECENT PAST &CURENT RESEARCH: Coastal systems are of interest throughout the world. New observation and coastal research centres are being implemented in the United Kingdom (UK) as well as all through the world. This is because there is great interest in the status of the coastal systems due to environmental reasons and because all there is to be known about the coastal process is now known. While there is a great deal of data, available, everyday researchers and scientists find new information that will help in the field of coastal systems science. The new centres and programs that are being installed throughout the world, as well as the ones that currently exist, are being implemented to supply the data and knowledge necessary to forecast physical, chemical and biological changes that occur in coastal and open-ocean ecosystems. (Gubbay 1990) Current research has advanced the instrumentation, communications and modelling capabilities for coastal systems research. These advances have led to the advancement in prediction systems for the coastal areas of the world. These prediction capabilities are important because if success the prediction system will be able to predict certain phenomena-or predict it more accurately. This coastal phenomenon includes flooding and coastal erosion, oxygen depletion due to eutrophication and other potentially harmful to the coastal systems phenomena. (Gubbay 1990) In 1998 a series of studies conducted by Coastal Research of Plymouth, UK revealed new information about open

Incarnation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Incarnation - Research Paper Example Thus, in the earliest state of Christianity, the Evangelists did neither elaborate on Jesus’s words â€Å"The Father and I are one†3 nor expound on the baptizing formula â€Å"in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit†4; which, according to Dibb, indicates that they were more concerned with the message of salvation, rather than with the theological detail.5 On the other hand, identifying Jesus as Christ and linking Him to the Father (Lord), the New Testament writers not just suggested the fulfillment of Jewish expectations of the Messiah, but also His divine status – the latter being considered the central point that has made the uniqueness of Christianity6. All in all, the whole Christian tradition could be considered as â€Å"recording and interpreting various collective and individual experiences of Jesus†7; while the experiential knowledge of Jesus, in turn, became more or less the basis of ‘philosophy’ in the context of Christology89. ... This paper is focused on the central concept in Christology, namely the incarnation, which actually represents the greatest challenge faced by theologians, philosophers and apologists concerned with the Christian faith and worship. The following sections explore the concept of incarnation as viewed by representatives of different schools of thought and traditions within the Christian Church, as well as by contemporary theologians and researchers in the field. Thus, the paper traces the development of this concept over the centuries and attempts to address its acceptability nowadays. Early Christian Writers – Views of the Nature of God The relationship between the human and the divine, the finite and infinite, in the person of Jesus, appeared an issue that increasingly required further articulation. St Ignatius, who became the Bishop of Antioch in 69 AD and was sentenced to death in about 107 AD, wrote a series of Epistles to the Christians, in which Jesus Christ is depicted as â€Å"God becoming visible†, â€Å"God existing in flesh, true life in death†, representing the mind of the Father12. Ignatius had philosophically described a progression â€Å"from divinity to humanity†, where Jesus Christ is not considered a separate being but a part of the progression whereby the mind of God had become flesh, and the â€Å"doorway to the Father†13. However, according to Ignatius, the human and divine in Christ does not interfere with the unity of God14. One of the earliest Christian writers, St Irenaeus of Lyons (120 – 202 AD), who served at Lyons as a presbyter to Polycarp, wrote his magnum opus – Against Heretics – at about 180 AD15. In this work, having exposed the errors of Gnosticism, Irenaeus set forth

Selling smarter with CRM by Dawson Chris Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Selling smarter with CRM by Dawson Chris - Essay Example It operates in a cycle that includes organizational management, sales and marketing teams, product generation departments and the customers. Organizations apply customer relationship management towards different benefits. One of such benefits is the establishment of a strong relationship between an organization and its customers through developing an understanding of the customers’ needs towards meeting the needs. Other benefits include managements of sales processes, improvement of sales strategies and evaluation of fundamental data including social data that affects an organization (Dawson, p. 3- 5). Achieving these benefits does not however require extensive investment of resources and efforts. This is because of existence of cheaper and efficient approaches such as Google enabled applications and social networks for reaching and interacting with customers and potential customers. Such approaches can further be cheaply implemented by using an organization’s interns t hat are another source of cheap resources. This is because of the changing environment in which everything is social, and a social approach to customer relationship management through Google based applications and social network that promises higher level of effectiveness. A number of computer-based applications exist for such CRM initiatives towards better management of product development and sales initiatives (Dawson, p. 6- 10). Achieving these benefits does not however require extensive investment of resources.

THE_MEDIA_DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE_MEDIA_DB - Essay Example In democracy, people have the freedom to profess what they believe. There is freedom of speech and expression. The American declaration of independence, the French declaration of the rights of man etc. have emphasised the importance of freedom. Freedom is essential for the all round development and personality of the individual. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights also emphasised the importance of freedom. All democratic constitutions of the word provide freedom to the people. So, there is no doubt that freedom is essential and most popular struggles have been for freedom. Now the question is to what extent freedom is permissible? Is complete freedom desirable? If freedom is to be restricted, who has the power to do so? It is an accepted view that freedom is to be restricted in such a way that one’s exercise of freedom should not affect exercise of similar freedom by other individuals and should not take away the rights of other individuals. The issues mentioned above ar e relevant to internet freedom also. Virtual space has become a reality. Internet has penetrated to every part of the world. It is the era of e-governance and e -commerce. People spent more time at internet than before. Information, political or otherwise is acceble to all. Social networking sites are growing and corporate sector is also making use of the facilities associated with internet. The internet provides opportunity for people to relate with anybody in any part of the world. It is easy to spread ideas and form groups. So, there is reason to believe that internet promotes freedom and democracy. With the help of internet, administration has become more transparent. Political parties and candidates conduct election campaigns using internet. In a recent university address titled â€Å"Internet Rights and Wrongs: Choices and Challenges in a Networked World,† Secretary of State Hillary Clinton berated authoritarian regimes and praised the people of Tunisia and Egypt for us ing digital tools to organise democratic protests (On real Internet Freedom). In that address Mrs. Clinton underscored high opportunity cost for countries which filter or shut down the Internet (On real Internet Freedom). She praised twitter for helping frustrated citizens of the Arab world. It can be said that discontent in Tunisia exploded in public anger when Wiki Leaks published the cables on the U.S. ambassador's assessment of corruption by President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali (On real Internet Freedom). The Tunisian uprising was triggered by the revelations of wiki leaks and internet. In the era of wiki leaks, publishing secrets is a major danger of unchecked internet. The judicial position on the Pentagon Papers on Vietnam, refusing to grant prior restraint on publication of classified documents, serves as a clear guide for internet freedom (On real Internet Freedom). While acknowledging the fact that internet freedom is important, unchecked internet freedom pause certain danger s to the political world. One such danger is related to secrecy. It is natural that every individual, organisation and state has some secret things which it wants to keep private and do not like to disclose. In the interest of national interest, a state has a right to keep certain things secret. It may be a part of the strategy. Disclosing such things might hamper national security. Internet facilitates publication of such documents as evidence by wiki Leaks. But this is not a reason shut down internet

The Role of Duty in Morality in Kants Work Essay

The Role of Duty in Morality in Kants Work - Essay Example In fact, other philosophers such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes agreed with Kant on this perception of morality, especially his basing of morality on the CI standards of rationality. As mentioned, according to Kant, the fundamental of morality as contained in the CI is the law of an autonomous will and a self-governing reasoning in which people are viewed as possessing equal worth and as deserving equal respect. A rather useful work of Kant’s on morality is â€Å"The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals†. This work of his covered morality-related issues such as the aims and methods of moral philosophy, good will, moral worth and duty, and duty and respect for moral law among others (Kant, 1998). He would later refine, develop, modify, and enrich some of his views in this piece of work in later writings such as â€Å"The Critique of Practical Reason, The Metaphysics of Morals, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View and Religion.†Ã‚   In his discussion of good will, moral worth, and duty, Kant insists that describing and defining people as good hearted alone does not make their actions moral, insisting that only ‘good will’ qualifies as moral. Thus, good heartedness in the ordinary sense does not make people or their actions moral. Good will is thus closer to the notion of good person or a rational person. In the opinion of Kant, the possession of a good will is the cornerstone of what makes a person and his/her action moral. In addition, such a good will should make one to base decisions on the moral law.

THE_MEDIA_DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE_MEDIA_DB - Essay Example In democracy, people have the freedom to profess what they believe. There is freedom of speech and expression. The American declaration of independence, the French declaration of the rights of man etc. have emphasised the importance of freedom. Freedom is essential for the all round development and personality of the individual. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights also emphasised the importance of freedom. All democratic constitutions of the word provide freedom to the people. So, there is no doubt that freedom is essential and most popular struggles have been for freedom. Now the question is to what extent freedom is permissible? Is complete freedom desirable? If freedom is to be restricted, who has the power to do so? It is an accepted view that freedom is to be restricted in such a way that one’s exercise of freedom should not affect exercise of similar freedom by other individuals and should not take away the rights of other individuals. The issues mentioned above ar e relevant to internet freedom also. Virtual space has become a reality. Internet has penetrated to every part of the world. It is the era of e-governance and e -commerce. People spent more time at internet than before. Information, political or otherwise is acceble to all. Social networking sites are growing and corporate sector is also making use of the facilities associated with internet. The internet provides opportunity for people to relate with anybody in any part of the world. It is easy to spread ideas and form groups. So, there is reason to believe that internet promotes freedom and democracy. With the help of internet, administration has become more transparent. Political parties and candidates conduct election campaigns using internet. In a recent university address titled â€Å"Internet Rights and Wrongs: Choices and Challenges in a Networked World,† Secretary of State Hillary Clinton berated authoritarian regimes and praised the people of Tunisia and Egypt for us ing digital tools to organise democratic protests (On real Internet Freedom). In that address Mrs. Clinton underscored high opportunity cost for countries which filter or shut down the Internet (On real Internet Freedom). She praised twitter for helping frustrated citizens of the Arab world. It can be said that discontent in Tunisia exploded in public anger when Wiki Leaks published the cables on the U.S. ambassador's assessment of corruption by President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali (On real Internet Freedom). The Tunisian uprising was triggered by the revelations of wiki leaks and internet. In the era of wiki leaks, publishing secrets is a major danger of unchecked internet. The judicial position on the Pentagon Papers on Vietnam, refusing to grant prior restraint on publication of classified documents, serves as a clear guide for internet freedom (On real Internet Freedom). While acknowledging the fact that internet freedom is important, unchecked internet freedom pause certain danger s to the political world. One such danger is related to secrecy. It is natural that every individual, organisation and state has some secret things which it wants to keep private and do not like to disclose. In the interest of national interest, a state has a right to keep certain things secret. It may be a part of the strategy. Disclosing such things might hamper national security. Internet facilitates publication of such documents as evidence by wiki Leaks. But this is not a reason shut down internet

The framing of the church settlement of 1559 Essay Example for Free

The framing of the church settlement of 1559 Essay Elizabeth faced numerous obstacles following her accession as Queen of England, but the main sector of concern was the religious aspect of society. England was at war against the France, as they sided with the Spanish, and also the Parliament was a key constituent of Elizabethan religious settlement. The Parliament was a hindrance to Elizabeth’s progress as many of the Parliament members were religious conservatives, which implied difficulty when presenting and passing the bill to the House of Commons. Presenting the bill to the House of Lords would prove toughest to Elizabeth and her ministers. It cannot be denied that her personal preference and her Counsel’s decisions respectively played a large role in making sure the bill was passed, although it must be acknowledged that she and her councilors had to compromise to achieve their main religious aims. Susan Doran believes that Queen Elizabeth had successfully fulfilled her goal in terms of religious settlement, while her councilors thought the general outcome fell short of her primary plans. The complicated international affairs that England was stuck in after Mary’s reign put Elizabeth in a troublesome position. As Edmund Grindal, Bishop of London, proposed, plans for religious settlement were heavily delayed to the desperate search for peace. Elizabeth had to deviate from her main plans for religious settlement has she had to be involved in he ongoing war against Spain, which England had entered in 1557, later into Mary’s reign. Furthermore, to make matters worse, she had to prevent any potential threat to the throne from Mary Stuart, who was in alliance with France. In order to prevent Catholic nations from turning against England and to avoid any large-scale domestic uprising amongst English Catholics, Elizabeth was keen on not infuriating Catholics. She pursued this plan by retaining certain aspects of the traditional Catholic Church. On the other hand, she still showed signs of Protestant settlement, as she had recalled her papal ambassador and had formed alliance with strongly Protestant German princes. The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 would emphasise on the link between Elizabethan religious settlement and England’s international affair. Even though, this would result in the loss of Calais, the borders neighbouring Scotland would be soothed and English settlement could be spread more quickly. In addition, retaining hope in Philip II to potentially marry Elizabeth in the nearer future would enable Philip II to make sure the Pope did not take any action against Elizabeth. Although, she does eventually get excommunicated, this is much later on in the reign where Philip II’s hopes have dried up. After international affairs were gradually settled through the peace treaty, it was her personal preference that played a key role in the religious settlement. It is crystal clear that Elizabeth desired a Protestant settlement but not a radical one. She rejected papal authority unsurprisingly and also denied the concept of transubstantiation, which caused tremors amongst the more conservatives of Elizabeth’s reign. Even with clear motives of Protestant settlement, she was still keen on sustaining certain traditional and conservative aspects of the Church. She was very fond of Catholic ornaments in the Royal Chapel and had Catholic musicians and choir in her presence. Even though she rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation, she still partially accepted the concept that there was some sort of presence in the communion bread and wine, which was a common though amongst Lutherans. Such personal preference were reflected directly in her proposal to Parliament as she wanted to reintroduce the 1552 Book of Common Prayer and break away from papal authority. However, the House of Lords did not allow the bill to be passed, which is why Elizabeth and her ministers had to take a different approach to religious settlement. Furthermore, Elizabeth’s counsel could be considered another large body to have influenced religious settlement. She had appointed members who had previously served Edward VI, which would imply an already-Protestant mindset. It is acknowledged that there were many members of her Privy Council who were strong Catholics for international affairs of not having Catholic states turn against England. However, as her appointment of Francis Knollys, earl of Bedford, and William Cecil, she was still keen on having the fundamental protestant foundation even within her councilors. For instance, William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon were key members of the Privy Council who were able to advise and guide the Queen before and during initial rejections and failures of passing the Bill. Such failures including Winchester and Shrewsbury voting against the Bill still emphasise the influence the members had on Elizabeth’s decision and the Bill itself. The last large consideration that influenced religious settlement was the Parliament itself. It had rejected the first bill proposed by Elizabeth until they made amendments for the final settlement. Elizabeth tried to discredit and Marian bishops before the amended bills were to be re-proposed to Parliament. Although Elizabeth was indeed able to hinder the Catholic bishop, there were key amendements made in the bill. For instance, Elizabeth was given the title â€Å"Supreme Governor† not â€Å"Supreme Head†. It is unclear whether or not this change in title name was for conservative reasons or to calm political stirs of a woman naming herself superior to laymen. However, it still ensured her to have as much authority as Henry VIII or her brother. Amendements in the Uniformity Bill targeted the concept of transubstantiation as people were not in favour of the complete denial and rejection of this doctrine. Therefore, priests modified the words used in the Uniformity Bill to create deliberate ambiguity. This would allow diverse interpretations to be made by peers allowing less opposition. Last, the â€Å"Ornaments Rubric† allowed traditional vestments and ornaments to be sustained in Church. It can be argued that the Catholics Bishops in the House of Lords had finally been given the upper hand; however, it must also be taken into consideration that this could simply have been part of Elizabeth’s personal preference as she was keen on keeping traditional ornaments in her Royal Chapel. In conclusion, the framing of the religious settlement of 1559 was based on numerous factors. The main influence on the settlement was her personal religious preferences such as the traditional ornaments and a not-so-radical Protestant movement. The international dilemma she was stuck in had indeed hindered her progress of Protestant settlement. However, as this tribulation cleared up, her council members could help her construct her bill to be passed. However, the Parliament’s involvement or influence must also be considered largely as it rejected the first Bill and allowed important amendments to be made.

Describe How Income Flows Into The Organisation Where You Work Nursing Essay

Describe How Income Flows Into The Organisation Where You Work Nursing Essay Cash inflow, as defined by Brideau (2004) is the measurement of the movement of cash into the organization, usually generated from operating, investing and financing activities. The components of cash flow must be visible on a planner so that it will be easily understood exactly what occur. Without cautious monitoring of the cash flow, the organization may not have the profit realization as they scheduled it (Donaldson Gerard, 2005). Hence, by having the knowledge of how income flows into ones organization is vital. So, corrective actions can be done to prevent incidents that may run the organization into economic failure. The current clinical setting where I work in is conveniently located at the annex block of Mount Elizabeth hospital. The unit consists of 24 beds, involving a team of 32 healthcare workers, ranging from doctors, nurses, pharmacists and laboratory technicians. Our center is mainly specialized in haematological disorders such as anaemia, leukaemia, thalasemmia and so on. Majority of our patients are those who required blood transfusion, Bone Marrow Aspiration (BMA) and chemotherapy. Primarily, the core income will be coming from the consultation fees generated by our team of haematologists. Beside consultation fees, procedural fees commonly involved are BMA, intra-thecal chemotherapy and insertion of Central Venous Catheter (CVC). On the nursing part, services provided for patients normally include blood taking, blood transfusion, performing dressing to CVC site and giving injections to post chemotherapy patients to boost their immunity. Furthermore, our clinic is involved in the blood donation drive and counselling is mandatory for both the donors and recipients. All the above mentioned services delivered would drive income into our department. Currently, the nurses have the authority to recommend some of the topical skin moisturiser for patients undergoing chemotherapy, who will usually encounter dry skin conditions. Hence, this will further increase the income flow into the department. A built in laboratory and a pharmacy are also available in our clinic, which provide blood test services and dispensing of medicines respectively. External funding and donations from other organisations also constitute part of the income flow into our department. In general, our revenue is generated through a variety of means, along with billable patient services, investments and donations to the organization. Specific unit-based revenue is generated through billing for services such as invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, physical therapy and so on. Revenues are also arising through the provision of multiple services overtime, such as hourly rates for chemotherapy administration or blood transfusion. Hence, nurses need to be informed and partner with the management team to generate revenue and control expenses in relation to patient care (McCue et al, 2003). Ultimately, these are the ranges of services available in the clinic that will be involved in the generating of income flow. 2. Critically evaluate the steps you would take when reviewing the skill mix in your own clinical setting. Discuss how you might balance the financial implications of your actions? The challenge in healthcare is to ensure that quality of care and the calibre of the staffs are not comprised in this ever-changing, cost-controlled environment. Many healthcare organizations are looking into skill mix (SM) as a potential solution to healthcare service delivery problem. As stated by Adam et al (2003), SK is the percentage of registered nurses (RNs) to other direct care staffs such as enrolled nurses (ENs) and SM plays a critical role in improving organization effectiveness and the quality of care. So what is the specific role of the RNs and ENs based on my current clinical setting? These questions need to be answered prior to the reviewing of the skill mix in the clinical setting. Serrano Slunecka (2006) stated that, the RNs are responsible for patient assessment, diagnosis, care planning and evaluation, whereas, the ENs are trained to perform bed-side duties such as bathing, feeding, toileting and ambulating patients. In my current setting, our main issue is inadequate staffing due to inappropriate SM. As evidenced by Gillies (2003), insufficient staff is the most common contributing factor causing negligent of patients, thus, leading to poor quality of care. Hence, significant steps must be taken to efficiently establish a staffing pattern, a plan that articulates how many and what kind of staffs are required per shift to staff a unit of department (McCue et al, 2003). We must first examine the following factors and take into consideration that a novice nurse takes longer to accomplish the same task than an experienced one. The acuity of patients, the capabilities of the staffs, the complexity of the nursing task, the amount of supervision a RN will be able to provide and the number of available staffs assigned to accomplish the unit workload are the key points when reviewing SM in a clinical setting (Adam et al, 2003). For illustration, in an intensive care unit, the RNs skill mix will be much higher than in a nursing home where the skills of RNs are required to much lesser degree. Lastly, Hall et al (2004) stated that cost is associated with the nature of SM. In developing a staffing pattern that leads to a budget, it is important to benchmark against other organization with similar patients population. It is important to note that RNs hours of care are more costly than those of lesser skilled workers, hence, it is important to evaluate the patient care required and who can perform necessary functions (Hall et al, 2004). Allocating ENs appropriately and freeing RNs from uncalled for duties can assist in cost control. As evidenced by Rothberg et al (2005), it is cheaper to have ENs to perform supportive care than to have RNs to perform them. Therefore, SM is accountable for the distribution and consumption of resources. It is essential that nurses need to be informed and collaborate with the management team so that appropriates decisions can be made regarding cost-effective practices (McCue et al, 2003). The key is to have the right number and skill level of caregiver available to ensure safe, effective and appropriate care. 3. Develop a system which would enable you to audit your staffing expenditure on a monthly basis. Give a detailed critical discussion of your rationale underpinning your system. Table 1: Budgeting and spending of an individual staff Spending: Pay/wages Shift allowance Meal allowance Medical entitlement Total Spend/budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Staff Nurse (1 year experience) $1500/$1500 $100/$100 $15/$22 $130/$350 $1745/$1972 Staff Nurse II (2 year experience) Senior Staff Nurse (5 year experience) $1700/$1700 $2300/$2300 $150/$150 $180/$180 $28/$28 $20/$30 $200/$600 $1320/$1200 $2078/$2478 $3820/$3710 Enrolled Nurse (1 year experience) Enrolled Nurse II (2 year experience) $1200/$1200 $ 1450/$1450 $75/$75 $125/$125 $15/$15 $28/$23 $110/$250 $250/$300 $1400/$1540 $1878/$1898 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Staff A $2970 $2800 $2900 $2700 $2890 $2700 $2900 $3000 $2700 $2830 $2790 $6800 Staff B $2900 $2910 $2900 $2780 $2810 $2700 $2800 $2780 $2730 $2700 $2890 $6500 Staff C $2550 $2500 $2520 $2300 $2600 $2650 $2400 $2600 $2420 $2520 $2490 $6000 Staff D $2570 $2500 $2400 $2450 $2500 $2420 $2400 $2450 $2430 $2530 $2340 $6100 Table 2 (12 month wages) Late for work Medical leave Patient compliments Staff A 0 1 0 Staff B 1 1 0 Staff C 15 0 1 Staff D 6 2 1 Table 3 (monthly audit for staff) Staffing expenditure (SE) generally accounts for the expenses associated with labours. According to Brambleby (2005), healthcare services are very labour intensive and it is estimated that salary and benefits accounts for 50% to 60% of an organization cost. As defined by Payne Keep (2004), staffing expenditure is determined by identifying the expenses of every staffs in the organization. SE is commonly broken down into monthly basic salary, staff benefits, allowances and lastly, annual increment and bonus. Besides the above listed, it is compulsory for every organization in Singapore to contribute 13% of total gross income to Central Provident Fund. In an organization, the first most common expense is the basic salary of every individual staff. However, the amount of salary a particular staff will be eligible to depend on their individual experience. Medical fees entitlement, staff allowances and benefits would include meal allowances and shift allowances, which would fluctuate every month within an individual pending on numbers of working years. Whereas, annual bonus and increment will depends on individual performance. Looking at Table 1, it keeps a record on the spending and budgeting of an individual staff based on their wages, meal allowance, shift allowance, medical fees and the total wages draw by the individual staff in the month of January. As for Table 2, in this table showed the collection data of the total wages each individual staff draw from January to December over a period of 12 month. Zooming in at the month of December in Table 2, all the staffs are drawing a higher wages as compare to all the other month. This is the amount of the annual bonus given to the individual staff. According to Kanji (2004), staff performance can be benchmarked by the number of utilized medical leave, the number of compliments from patients and the punctuality of the employees. By keeping a record of staff performance, it will reduce instance of bogus sickness, hence increase work productivity and increased job satisfaction of staffs (Murray Frenk, 2004). The system ensures that expenses are kept within the budgeted amount, revenue generated is consistent with projected productivity and standards and necessary corrective actions are carried out. You are required to give a detailed discussion how you would audit non-staff expenditure on a monthly basis in your clinical setting. What reasonable cost effective strategy would you implement in order to maintain best practice? _______________________________________________________ Jan Feb Mar Out Balance Out Balance Out Balance Gauze 100 150 90 180 130 100 Glove 20 40 20 50 35 20 Syringes 300 200 320 200 350 150 Needles 190 200 210 220 250 200 Dressing set 50 100 30 120 70 100 Alcohol swab 30 30 32 20 35 15 Figure 1 Jan Feb March Budget Spent Budget Spent Budget Spent New equipment $5000 $3000 $5000 $5500 $5000 $2000 Equipment Maintainers $1000 $800 $1000 $500 $1000 $500 Laundry $500 $300 $500 $600 $500 $550 Utility Bills $5000 $4500 $5000 $3500 $5000 $5000 Stationary $1000 $900 $1000 $500 $1000 $700 Figure 2 As stated by Payne Keep (2004), non-staff expenditure can be subdivided into direct expenses and indirect expenses. Direct expenses are associated with the patients, such as medical and surgical supplies and drugs. Whereas, indirect expenses are expenses for items such as utilities, comprising of gas, electricity, maintenance and support functions. Referring to Table 1, it displayed the number of consumables being utilized and its balance stock in a month. This stock inventory system is being performed on a monthly basis. On top of that, a First in first out system is being imposed, meaning those with the nearest expiry items should be placed at the outer shelf and to be used first. All these system will help to monitor the amount of usage of the items, preventing the wastage of unnecessary items which resulted from overstock or under-stock. Hence, by saving resources, it will enhance cost-effectiveness. While searching for a supplier, key points to look for will be an item of good quality and with the lowest cost. By exploring new products with vendor representatives and networks with colleagues, discussing the quality and cost differences of supplies with other staffs and management, who had tried both new and modified products, cost wastage can be reduced. Usually, bulk ordering will take place for frequently used consumables, thus, saving cost. Budget monitoring is generally carried out on a monthly basis, to ensure that revenue generated is consistent with projected productivity and standards. Staffs are encouraged to discuss the implementation or reinforcement of strategies that can positively affect the budget. For example, they should learn to plan for supplies needed for every patient encounter and consciously eliminate unnecessary items. Typically, budgets are monitored monthly because if deficiencies arise throughout the year, financial improvement plans can be instituted early. Corrective action is often initiated to prevent long-term effects in a particular area, such as wastage or loss of supply items. Therefore, by acquiring a working knowledge of how a department monitors financial and quality indicators, and participate in the development of actions is vital (McCue, 2003). It helps to increase patients satisfaction or to create the best patient experience. All these strategies act as a tool to foster collaboration with an organization because individuals must work together to achieve cost-effectiveness by utilizing consumables appropriately. You are required to describe in detail essential information which would enable you to successfully manage your staff and non-staff budget. From your information, what do you consider to be key issues in terms of successful management? An effective management encompassed the ability to develop a budgeting plan that would provide the necessary for staffs and effective nursing care. Only through effective planning can a balanced relationship between quality services and cost of services begin to be achieved. As Donaldson Gerard (2005) had stated, budgeting is an ongoing activity in which revenues and expenses care managed to maintain responsibility and health. A basic management plan through which all expenditures and revenues from all sources maybe projected and controlled is critical, so that excellent and cost-effective healthcare services can be delivered. Certain elements are necessary to establish an effective budgeting system. Firstly, according to Mitton Donaldson (2004), commitment to strategic planning is a basic requirement, where well-defined and objectives are developed. The budget should be an outcome of discussions at all levels and departments within the company related to priority setting in accordance with the companys goal, acknowledgement of achievements, responses to new demands and looking beyond the time frame of the ensuing year. Secondly, effective organizational structure and chart, presenting with clear and direct lines of authority is essential. As supported by Dixon (2005), it is only when authority is clearly defined, than an individual can be held responsible for the activities of the department. Hence, major objectives of the budget can be more easily accomplished. For example, the manager has the responsibility and accountability for managing the nursing budget; they are required to make all the decision on adjusting the nursing budget to manage the program and cost. This will include adding and removing programs, expanding and controlling the program and modification of revenues and expenses within the nursing department. Lastly, an uniform budget reporting system is required, so as to facilitate program monitoring and aids in strategic planning, ensuring that plan is updated by periodically and allowing the evaluation of the progress of the organization. An important factor is ensuring that the time period within which a service development must be achieved, the projected budget is able to balance against the complexity and defining area of scale of change required and the existing resources envelope (Fine, 2006). Overall, the process of setting and monitoring budgets should be an important part of both the planning and performance management cycle. It should always be remembered that within the resource package are included staff (clinical and non-clinical), equipments and building as well as money. An essential part of management planning process is to assess the ability of current resources to be used in new and different ways to meet changing needs and to increase the productivity of existing resources, while acquiring new resources (Murray Frenk 2000). By having a well-conceived budget in place, it is possible to foresee the results of quality standard of care; best practice in the organization.

The Benefits Of Study Hall Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Education

The Benefits Of Study Hall   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mark, you won’t get anywhere without studying†, His mother use to tell him when he use to waist all his time playing rather that studying. Mark wasn’t such a good student because he wouldn’t spend any time studying, until one day his parents decided to send him to Cushing Academy, a boarding school in the USA, which they knew it was going to improve his study habits and help him being more responsible. But what really amazed his parents was this period of time used to study called â€Å"Study Hall†. Because of its amazing results, preparation for college, and providing responsibility, Study Hall remains as one of the vital qualities Cushing Academy possess and give students an opportunity to lead in higher education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Study Hall was Mark’s first negative impression of Cushing Academy. He thought this was done in order to keep the students in silence and restrain them from having freedom. After he experienced Study Hall at Cushing for over two months, he could really see the changes and results it produced on him. He realized that he didn’t have to worry about having enough time for his studies. Also, he could see his grades improve every week. One day Mark received a phone call from his mother. Before picking up the phone, the only thought he had in his mind was that he was going to get grounded for his grades or performance at school. He answered the phone and there was his proud mother congratulating him for his wonderful grades he ...

Einstein :: essays research papers fc

Albert Einstein, the great physicist and philosopher, was born in Germany 1879 in a Jewish family and his life must always be seen within the content of the provincial Swabian-folkways in a rural characteristic. Einstein’s character was so simple that people were astonished that he was able to deduce such complex theories. His childhood also shows contradictions about his failure in school and rejection to teachers. The world’s genius, Einstein, never settled down in one country nor admired Hitler as most of German people. Although he was a simple and optimistic character his life doesn’t reflect a normal stable attitude. As a child, Albert’s parents feared that he might be retarded child since he wasn’t able to talk before he was three-year old; he also continued to have trouble in speaking fluently for several years. In elementary school his performance was so bad that his parents were sure that he was mentally retarded. His classmates and teacher s used to call him names because of his peculiar attitude such as repeating his own words and observing the ceilings for such a long time. Albert’s reaction wasn’t positive, he just isolated himself more. May be his failure in elementary school was due to the fact that he rejected to be taught by others. He preferred to teach himself instead. So when he was a teenager he taught himself advanced Mathematics and science. Einstein carried on with this pattern of independent study for the rest of his life. His father, although a merchant, possessed an inclination for technical matters and so he managed an electrical business where he invented and sold equipment such as dynamos and electrical lamps. He introduced Einstein to the mystery of matter when he gave him a compass at the age of four, which seemed to Einstein that it came from another world as it behaved in such a determined way that it didn’t fit to his into the nature of events. He said â€Å"this experien ce made a deep and lasting impression on me† and he was so puzzled that he deduced that â€Å"something deeply hidden had to be behind things† (Albert Einstein Historical and cultural perspectives). Moreover, his father used to take him at the electromechanical fairs to present his electrical inventions. Perhaps such attitude from Albert’s father had helped him to desire physics and imagine the unknown puzzles of the physical world. However, Albert didn’t see an optimistic world through his mother’s world as he saw through his father’s and hence she didn’t have such impact on him as his father. Einstein :: essays research papers fc Albert Einstein, the great physicist and philosopher, was born in Germany 1879 in a Jewish family and his life must always be seen within the content of the provincial Swabian-folkways in a rural characteristic. Einstein’s character was so simple that people were astonished that he was able to deduce such complex theories. His childhood also shows contradictions about his failure in school and rejection to teachers. The world’s genius, Einstein, never settled down in one country nor admired Hitler as most of German people. Although he was a simple and optimistic character his life doesn’t reflect a normal stable attitude. As a child, Albert’s parents feared that he might be retarded child since he wasn’t able to talk before he was three-year old; he also continued to have trouble in speaking fluently for several years. In elementary school his performance was so bad that his parents were sure that he was mentally retarded. His classmates and teacher s used to call him names because of his peculiar attitude such as repeating his own words and observing the ceilings for such a long time. Albert’s reaction wasn’t positive, he just isolated himself more. May be his failure in elementary school was due to the fact that he rejected to be taught by others. He preferred to teach himself instead. So when he was a teenager he taught himself advanced Mathematics and science. Einstein carried on with this pattern of independent study for the rest of his life. His father, although a merchant, possessed an inclination for technical matters and so he managed an electrical business where he invented and sold equipment such as dynamos and electrical lamps. He introduced Einstein to the mystery of matter when he gave him a compass at the age of four, which seemed to Einstein that it came from another world as it behaved in such a determined way that it didn’t fit to his into the nature of events. He said â€Å"this experien ce made a deep and lasting impression on me† and he was so puzzled that he deduced that â€Å"something deeply hidden had to be behind things† (Albert Einstein Historical and cultural perspectives). Moreover, his father used to take him at the electromechanical fairs to present his electrical inventions. Perhaps such attitude from Albert’s father had helped him to desire physics and imagine the unknown puzzles of the physical world. However, Albert didn’t see an optimistic world through his mother’s world as he saw through his father’s and hence she didn’t have such impact on him as his father.